Classroom Strategies

Strategies to Support Learners Who Are Below Grade Level

An experienced educator introduces different support methods to allow struggling students to engage with grade-level materials.

While we know that the goal is for all students to be working on grade-level-appropriate content, sometimes students haven’t been positioned to be successful with that complex text or even that rich math problem.  In my own experience, there hasn’t been a single class that I have taught where I have had all my students exactly where I want them at the outset, so I have always had to differentiate instruction. The same is true of the teachers I work with on a regular basis as Director of Curriculum and Instruction: no learner is the same, and all require different pathways.

The solution, some will say, is to just give Johnny the fifth grader that first grade text or to have Suzy work on her multiplication facts in a small group while the rest of her class solves a complex problem related to mathematical modeling.

Research study after research study, however, shows us that that strategies like these simply don’t work because students get farther and farther behind (and never get a chance to catch up) because they never have the opportunity to work at their cognitive level.  Here’s an example of a mistake I made as an educator that demonstrates this problem: When I taught Spanish One, every ninth grader had to learn the words for different colors.  Simple — give them the word, and have them spit it back.  From a cognitive standpoint, however, this is b-o-r-i-n-g. It doesn’t emotionally or cognitively engage them (and it isn’t fun for the teacher either!).  Here’s a better way: what about having students analyze a painting using the color words that they are acquiring?  Now that freshman student is experiencing a challenging cognitive task.

So what can you do to support struggling students so they can participate in grade-appropriate, cognitively demanding work without becoming frustrated or becoming overwhelmed?  Let’s start with math first.

Math

Strategy 1: Use a Placemat. This is an easy-to-use strategy where students are divided into small groups, gathered around a piece of paper that has four squares in each corner and a central square in the middle.  First, students individually think about a question the teacher has posed and write down their ideas on their own section of the chart paper. Then, students share ideas to discover common elements, which can be written in the center of the chart paper. This allows weaker students to get help from peers with a concept like computation, and still get exposure to the more important conceptual understanding that the problem addresses. An example of a placemat can be found here: http://weinquireandinspire.blogspot.com/2015/03/visible-thinking-digital-place-mats.html

placemat

Strategy 2: Create a Math Menu. Start by creating four sections on a piece of paper labeled appetizer, main dish, side dish, and dessert.  The appetizers are slightly easier problems that students who are struggling may be asked to complete or items that will help as a means of front loading content.  Students who are on grade level might start with the main dish section which is on-grade-level problems; desserts are extension problems for students who need a challenge or who finish early, and side dishes are a mixture of problems so that students can experience some type of choice in the process. Such an approach allows the teacher to integrate remedial practice into the regular assignment and helps provide appropriate scaffolding. The classroom teacher can assign each student a place to start based on pre-assessment or formative data, or students can choose their own location to begin based on their own self-assessment. The key is that all students get an opportunity to work on the main dish: grade-level work! So how do you know what problems students need?  Use the Coherence Map and backwards-map a standard to see problem types that may relate to and scaffold current work or forwards-map and explore areas of extension.

math-menuImage adapted from http://www.docsford.com/document/825473 

Strategy 3: Personalize Math Content. Zearn has created a free, personalized approach to learning math. Pick a topic in your math curriculum, give students access, and they can get a personalized lesson. The tool is designed with the struggling student in mind and has remediation paths that provide precise feedback and opportunities to try again.  Students also learn multiple strategies for each type of problem. Zearn includes content for both independent student learning and daily small-group instruction led by a teacher. From hands-on practice to games to videos that explain concepts, this site truly helps students understand math concepts as connected ideas. Such an approach allows the teacher to integrate those remedial materials into their work while continuing to focus the whole-class lesson on grade-appropriate content.

zearn

ELA/Literacy

Now on to language arts. The biggest issue might be that students don’t know the words that they are about to read. This doesn’t mean that they can’t engage in high cognition—it just means that they need more support with components of the reading process and need to be pre-taught those tiered vocabulary words. See this video from Engage New York that shows what a teacher does to help English Language Learners process several complex texts here: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwRQdQnS7X3DUGxXTHdFYmdOOTg/view?usp=sharing

Strategy 1: Excerpt Texts.  I won’t lie — this one takes time to setup. It truly allows a teacher to provide scaffolding in a regular assignment, however. Take a complex text and excerpt sections of it to give all students access into the ideas of the text; the key is to make sure the excerpt conveys the ideas and claims of the whole text.  Students who are struggling can work with shorter excerpts while advanced learners can read longer pieces.  Add in additional paired texts that will help students process additional details and claims after students have understood the main idea and supporting details of the primary text.

Strategy 2: Use a Placemat. This strategy is based on the placemat idea I talked about for math, and can help students of all ability levels dig into a complex text.  Present students with a controversial statement. (Kids innately love to argue—wait so do adults!—so you have already motivated them to read).  Write this statement in the box at the center of the placement.  Label each of the remaining boxes with “strongly agree,” “agree,” “disagree,” and “strongly disagree.”   Encourage the struggling learners to find at least one reason that the text supports or disproves the controversial statement.  Have more advanced students provide an example for each of the categories.   By having students use different colored markers, the teacher can tell who is writing what, such that he or she can provide additional supports in future lessons. From this standpoint, all students get to participate and work at a level that allows them to grapple with a complex text.

Strategy 3: Try a Socratic Seminar. The last strategy that I have to share with you is the idea of the traditional Socratic Seminar, upped with paired texts. Give students texts that represent different points of view (note that all texts are on grade level, but some have more features to help support students understand the text). See these three from a recent seminar I gave with a colleague:

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0Bw6TFXXMmtQKTTA3OU5LT2dHS0E

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0Bw6TFXXMmtQKN3Fud2JXTllvVnc

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0Bw6TFXXMmtQKdFMxSDdMWG95Nm8

Have students work in pairs and analyze one of the texts together using a graphic organizer.  Ask students to identify key ideas and supporting details. After students have had a chance to read and discuss, have a Socratic Seminar where you facilitate the dialogue by asking probing and clarifying questions based on student responses and the text itself. Each student has the ability to contribute to a complex discussion focused on a complex text. In the examples I linked above, the complex text is about whether or not you should sunbathe. Groupings of students in the Socratic Seminar should be heterogeneous so that students are working with mixed-ability peers, see various viewpoints on the topic, and can have a rich discussion based on their text.

The key, of course, no matter what strategy you choose, is to make sure you are a teacher or administrator who knows your learners. You have to believe that all of your students can be successful with on-grade-level tasks. While I am not an expert on differentiated instruction, I do believe that — if you use some of these strategies and truly give students a chance — you will help students to grapple and succeed with grade-level content and propel them closer to mastery.

9 thoughts on “Strategies to Support Learners Who Are Below Grade Level

  1. Could you direct us to further reading in support of the proposition that get farther behind when they don’t have the opportunity to work at their cognitive level. I am in communication with a colleague who wants to dig into this research.

  2. You also might want to look into Culturally Responsive Teaching and the Brain by Zoretta Hammond. She talks about how the opportunity gap widens by not allowing kids the opportunity to grapple with difficult problems.

  3. This is all great for students slightly below grade level…what about students who cannot read at all? What about when they still don’t know all their letters/sounds and therefore can read no text on grade level and cannot write anything legible?

  4. Hi. I too am interested in additional information about how to include children in grade level regular education classes (8th grade) for ELA and Math when those children are receiving pull out remedial instruction 3-4 years behind grade level. The gap has widened as the child ages and now the child is interested in full inclusion. How can this be achieved. Can it be achieved. The Special Education teacher determined it would not be appropriate due to child’s current level and need. Child is in other gen ed academics and doing well. Do you have any ideas, information or resources that you could share.

    1. Hi K,

      Thanks so much for your question. It is good one–one many teachers have expressed to us in different ways. We are actively working on developing resources to help teachers in this situation (MS and HS with students still lacking foundational reading skills) so stayed tuned for that in early 2020 as well as a free virtual learning course we plan to develop. In the meantime, you can access this webinar for free: https://achievethecore.org/page/3218/an-evening-with-the-authors-q-a-session-with-meredith-and-david-liben-2019-august-webinar It features literacy experts Meredith and David Liben discussing their new book and answering questions from the audience–many having to do with remedial instruction for MS and HS. If you want to learn more, information on the book is available in the webinar as well.

  5. This is a great resource, thank you. I am completing my M.Ed. in Special Education. I have an assignment for one of my classes to design a standards-based grade level lesson plan for students who are 1-3 years below grade level. I came here to see what educators do to create similar lessons. I see that it’s a big issue that many teachers struggle with.

    1. Phoebe-
      I Ambon the same position as you and as a Co teacher and ELA Rresource teacher I often find that it takes a lot of time to differentiate lessons when students have various learning disabilities. I have found that after having my students most of the year, I have started to implement more teaching strategies to help my students in saying access to grade level texts. Any info you have found would be great to share.

  6. I see several things about assist our ELL learners and while that is great, what about my SWD students? I’m an ELA SpEd Teacher who co-teaches 3rd, 4th, and 5th grades ELA. Of course I can make the accommodations myself according to their IEPs, but it would be most helpful if the information on this site supported those students as well. I do apologize if I missed it somewhere. I love the articles and the user-friendly set up is amazing!

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About the Author: Dr. Bryan R. Drost is the Director of Curriculum and Instruction for the ESC of Summit County. He holds a Bachelor of Arts in Spanish Education from Hiram College, a Master’s of Education in Educational Foundations with an emphasis in Standards-Based instruction, as well as a Ph.D. in Curriculum and Instruction with an emphasis in assessment from Kent State University. He is the chairperson for the Ohio Foreign Language Association Technology Integration Committee, an Ohio Department of Education Network of Regional Leader, a member of ODE’s Fairness and Test Use Committee, a national supervisor for edTPA, part of NCME’s Standards and Test Use Committee, and one of Ohio’s Core Advocates. He has presented throughout the state and country on various topics related to instructional shifts, assessment, world language pedagogy, and technology integration. In his spare time, Bryan enjoys biking, cooking, and playing the piano. His greatest joy is teaching others to improve instruction for kids.